Example of Antonyms

Example of Antonyms

1. Abide x Vacate
2. Accept x Reject
3. Admire x Insult
4. Antique x Recent
5. Blame x Praise
6. Boldness x Timidity
7. Brutal  x Kindly
8. Cardinal x Secondary
9. Veteran x Novice
10. Confident x Difident
11. Joyous x Doleful
12. Promote x Demote
13. Fair x Foul
14. Convict x Acquit
15. Fool x Genius
16. False x Real
17. Foul X Clean
18. Repel x Attract
19. Gorgeous x Dull
20. Handle x Mismanage
21. Idiot x Genius
22. Illuminate x Cloud
23. Mortal x Immortal
24. Inferior x Superior
25. Lax x Strict
26. Lucid x Gloomy
27. Lie x Truth
28. Meek x Arrogant
29. Moist x Dry
30. Monism x Pluralism
31. Morality x Immorality
32. Neutral x Partial
33. Obedient x Disobedient
34. Occupy x Vacate
35. Offensive x Defensive
36. Patient x Impatient
37. Persuade x Dissuade
38. Praise x Condemn
39. Pride x Humility
40. Prologue x Epilogue
41. Prudent x Foolish
42. Refute X Support
43. Quit x Remain
44. Rear x Front
45. Rude x Polite
46. Rustic x Sophisticated
47. Shout x Whisper
48. Smart x Dull
49. Torrent x Trickle
50. Vague x Clear

1. Abide x Vacate
2. Accept x Reject
3. Admire x Insult
4. Antique x Recent
5. Blame x Praise
6. Boldness x Timidity
7. Brutal  x Kindly
8. Cardinal x Secondary
9. Veteran x Novice
10. Confident x Difident
11. Joyous x Doleful
12. Promote x Demote
13. Fair x Foul
14. Convict x Acquit
15. Fool x Genius
16. False x Real
17. Foul X Clean
18. Repel x Attract
19. Gorgeous x Dull
20. Handle x Mismanage
21. Idiot x Genius
22. Illuminate x Cloud
23. Mortal x Immortal
24. Inferior x Superior
25. Lax x Strict
26. Lucid x Gloomy
27. Lie x Truth
28. Meek x Arrogant
29. Moist x Dry
30. Monism x Pluralism
31. Morality x Immorality
32. Neutral x Partial
33. Obedient x Disobedient
34. Occupy x Vacate
35. Offensive x Defensive
36. Patient x Impatient
37. Persuade x Dissuade
38. Praise x Condemn
39. Pride x Humility
40. Prologue x Epilogue
41. Prudent x Foolish
42. Refute X Support
43. Quit x Remain
44. Rear x Front
45. Rude x Polite
46. Rustic x Sophisticated
47. Shout x Whisper
48. Smart x Dull
49. Torrent x Trickle
50. Vague x Clear

75 Examples of Collective Nouns

75 Examples of Collective Nouns

Example of Collective nouns

1. An army of soldiers
2. A regiment of soldiers
3. A troop of children
4. A troop of apes
5. A swarm of flies
6. A bunch of keys
7. A pair of shoes
8. A pack of cards
9. A ring of telephones
10. A ball of wool
11. A batch of boys
12. A cloud of bats
13. A hive of bees
14. A herd of cattle
15. A brood of chickens
16. A cluster of cats
17. A cluster of stars
18. A cluster of islands
19. A colony of ants
20. A colony of auks
21. A colony of bats
22. A colony of badgers
23. A colony of beavers
24. A crowd of people
25. A flock of sheep
26. A herd of elephants
27. A school of dolphins
28. A school of fish
29. A shulk of foxes
30. A skin of geese
31. A mess of fish
32. A trip of goats
33. A parliament of owls
34. A grove of trees
35. A school of learned men
36. A congress of representatives
37. A staff of teachers
38. A pack of hounds
39.  A mute of hares
40. A band of gorillas
41. A covey of ships
42. A battery of guns
43. A kennels of dogs
44.  A band of musicians
45.  A series of events
46.  A syllabus of studies
47.  A bench of judges
48.  A heap of waste
49. A nation of people
50. A fleet of ships
51.  An array of hedgehogs
52. An audience of listeners
53. An alliance of states
54. An assembly of representatives
55. An array of soldiers
56. An army of ants
57. A bike of ants
58. A colony of ants
59. A swarm of ants
60. A coffee off asses
61. A drove of asses
62. A herd of asses
63. A pace of asses
64. A colony of badgers
65. A colony of beavers
66. A pride of lions
67. A herd of cows
68. A gang of thieves
69. A garland(bouquet) of flowers
70. A pack of wolves
71. A pack of dogs
72. A troop of Kangaroos
73. A litter of cubs
74. A troupe of dancers
75. A flight of insects

Example of Collective nouns

1. An army of soldiers
2. A regiment of soldiers
3. A troop of children
4. A troop of apes
5. A swarm of flies
6. A bunch of keys
7. A pair of shoes
8. A pack of cards
9. A ring of telephones
10. A ball of wool
11. A batch of boys
12. A cloud of bats
13. A hive of bees
14. A herd of cattle
15. A brood of chickens
16. A cluster of cats
17. A cluster of stars
18. A cluster of islands
19. A colony of ants
20. A colony of auks
21. A colony of bats
22. A colony of badgers
23. A colony of beavers
24. A crowd of people
25. A flock of sheep
26. A herd of elephants
27. A school of dolphins
28. A school of fish
29. A shulk of foxes
30. A skin of geese
31. A mess of fish
32. A trip of goats
33. A parliament of owls
34. A grove of trees
35. A school of learned men
36. A congress of representatives
37. A staff of teachers
38. A pack of hounds
39.  A mute of hares
40. A band of gorillas
41. A covey of ships
42. A battery of guns
43. A kennels of dogs
44.  A band of musicians
45.  A series of events
46.  A syllabus of studies
47.  A bench of judges
48.  A heap of waste
49. A nation of people
50. A fleet of ships
51.  An array of hedgehogs
52. An audience of listeners
53. An alliance of states
54. An assembly of representatives
55. An array of soldiers
56. An army of ants
57. A bike of ants
58. A colony of ants
59. A swarm of ants
60. A coffee off asses
61. A drove of asses
62. A herd of asses
63. A pace of asses
64. A colony of badgers
65. A colony of beavers
66. A pride of lions
67. A herd of cows
68. A gang of thieves
69. A garland(bouquet) of flowers
70. A pack of wolves
71. A pack of dogs
72. A troop of Kangaroos
73. A litter of cubs
74. A troupe of dancers
75. A flight of insects

10 Examples of Biodiversity Hot spots - Biodiversity Hot spots in India

10 Examples of Biodiversity Hot spots - Biodiversity Hot spots in India

Hot spots (Meyrs 1988) are the regions of extremely high species richness, exceptionally greater species diversity, much higher degree of endemism(concentration of endemic species), most seriously threatened flora and fauna, and rapid modification, degradation, or loss of habitat. Hot spot are selected as priority areas for the insitu conservation biodiversity. In general, an area is considered as a hot spot.

Criteria :

1. Number of endemic species
2. The extent of its habitat loss
3. The degree of threat to its biodiversity

World top biodiversity rich nations include Australia, Brazil, Cameron, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, South Africa, Venezuela, Vietnam and Zaire.

 Example of global hot spots and the number of their endemic plant species

Hot spot region	No of endemic plant species
Cape region (South Africa)	6000
Colombia Choko	2500
Central Chile	1450
Eastern Himalaya (India)	3500
Western Ghats (India)	1600
Madagascar	5000
Malayan Penisula	2400
North Borneo	3500
Philippines	4900
Western Ecuador	2500

25 terrestrial hotspots have been identified all the world. Now the number has been raised to 34. They cover nearly 1.4% of the earth’s land area and harbor nearly 60% of the global biodiversity. Nearly 35% of the known species and about 20% the human population are found in the hot spot regions. 

Biodiversity Hot spot in India

There are two hot spot in India namely i) The Western Ghats and ii)the eastern Himalayas. These have rich biodiversity, with numerous endemic species. Other hot spots in the Indian subcontinent are Indo Burma region and  South West Sri Lanka.

Hot spots (Meyrs 1988) are the regions of extremely high species richness, exceptionally greater species diversity, much higher degree of endemism(concentration of endemic species), most seriously threatened flora and fauna, and rapid modification, degradation, or loss of habitat. Hot spot are selected as priority areas for the insitu conservation biodiversity. In general, an area is considered as a hot spot.

Criteria :

1. Number of endemic species
2. The extent of its habitat loss
3. The degree of threat to its biodiversity

World top biodiversity rich nations include Australia, Brazil, Cameron, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, South Africa, Venezuela, Vietnam and Zaire.

 Example of global hot spots and the number of their endemic plant species

Hot spot region	No of endemic plant species
Cape region (South Africa)	6000
Colombia Choko	2500
Central Chile	1450
Eastern Himalaya (India)	3500
Western Ghats (India)	1600
Madagascar	5000
Malayan Penisula	2400
North Borneo	3500
Philippines	4900
Western Ecuador	2500

25 terrestrial hotspots have been identified all the world. Now the number has been raised to 34. They cover nearly 1.4% of the earth’s land area and harbor nearly 60% of the global biodiversity. Nearly 35% of the known species and about 20% the human population are found in the hot spot regions. 

Biodiversity Hot spot in India

There are two hot spot in India namely i) The Western Ghats and ii)the eastern Himalayas. These have rich biodiversity, with numerous endemic species. Other hot spots in the Indian subcontinent are Indo Burma region and  South West Sri Lanka.

10 Examples of Artificial Manmade Ecosystems

10 Examples of Artificial Manmade Ecosystems

Artificial ecosystems are man-made ecosystems that are often carefully maintained in constant controlled conditions.

Artificial ecosystems are designed for a specific purpose. Therefore biodiversity will be very low compared to natural ecosystem

Terrestrial Artificial Ecosystems

1.Green house: A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse) is a structure with walls and roof made mainly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown. 

2.Agriculture crop field (Paddy field, wheat field etc)

3.Garden

4.Parks

5.Zoos

6.Terrariums: also called glass garden, wardian case or vivarium, enclosure with 

glass sides, and sometimes a glass top, arranged for keeping plants or terrestrial or semi-terrestrial animals indoors.

7.Managed forestry: A sustainable forest is a forest that is carefully managed so that as trees are felled they are replaced with seedlings that eventually grow into mature trees.

Aquatic Artificial Ecosystems

8.Fish farms

9.Aquarium

10.Dams

11.Hydroponics: It is the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions. It links aquatic organisms, microorganisms and plants into an artificial ecosystem.

12.Artificial pond in connection with waste treatment plant

13.Artificial wetlands or Constructed wetland: treatment systems that use rooted wetland plants and shallow, flooded or saturated soil to provide wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands are designed to take advantage of the chemical and biological processes of natural wetlands to remove contaminants from the wastewater. 

Artificial ecosystems are man-made ecosystems that are often carefully maintained in constant controlled conditions.

Artificial ecosystems are designed for a specific purpose. Therefore biodiversity will be very low compared to natural ecosystem

Terrestrial Artificial Ecosystems

1.Green house: A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse) is a structure with walls and roof made mainly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown. 

2.Agriculture crop field (Paddy field, wheat field etc)

3.Garden

4.Parks

5.Zoos

6.Terrariums: also called glass garden, wardian case or vivarium, enclosure with 

glass sides, and sometimes a glass top, arranged for keeping plants or terrestrial or semi-terrestrial animals indoors.

7.Managed forestry: A sustainable forest is a forest that is carefully managed so that as trees are felled they are replaced with seedlings that eventually grow into mature trees.

Aquatic Artificial Ecosystems

8.Fish farms

9.Aquarium

10.Dams

11.Hydroponics: It is the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions. It links aquatic organisms, microorganisms and plants into an artificial ecosystem.

12.Artificial pond in connection with waste treatment plant

13.Artificial wetlands or Constructed wetland: treatment systems that use rooted wetland plants and shallow, flooded or saturated soil to provide wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands are designed to take advantage of the chemical and biological processes of natural wetlands to remove contaminants from the wastewater. 

7 Examples of Output Devices

7 Examples of Output Devices

An output device is a part of the computer that displays or present the output  to the user, generated after processing the input data. The output may be in the form of text, image, sound, video etc.

Out put devices can be classified into two

I. Hard copy devices: Devices that provide output on a paper or any other solid surface. This hard copy is portable, can be stored and can be used without a computer.

1.Printer

2.Plotter &

3. Microfiche/Microfilm or Computer Output Microfilm (COM)

II. Soft copy devices: Devices that provide output as visual display, audio, video etc. This soft copy can be accessed only with a computer but can be stored, or even modified and can be shared through e-mail.

4. Monitor

5. Projector

6 Headphone

7. Speaker

1. Printer is an output device, which provide output information on paper.

2. Plotter is a computer printer used for printing vector graphics.

-Used for drawing graphs, maps, computer aided design for buildings and computer aided manufacturing applications etc

3.Computer Output Microfilm (COM) is a system that converts stored data directly to microfilm or microfiche

Cost effective for storing large amount of data for longer periods

-Used in Medical X-rays, storing output in banking and insurance

4. Computer Monitor: most common output device to view the displayed output.

Monitors may be Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors or Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors. LCD monitors are popular now.

5. Projector: Output device used to project the displayed output onto a large screen

-Used in teaching, conference presentation, training etc

6 and 7. Audio output devices: Headphone and Speaker

Headphone  are a pair of small loudspeakers that are designed to be held in place close to user’s ears. They are also known as earphones.

Speaker: It serves as a voice output device usually used to hear music, speech etc

An output device is a part of the computer that displays or present the output  to the user, generated after processing the input data. The output may be in the form of text, image, sound, video etc.

Out put devices can be classified into two

I. Hard copy devices: Devices that provide output on a paper or any other solid surface. This hard copy is portable, can be stored and can be used without a computer.

1.Printer

2.Plotter &

3. Microfiche/Microfilm or Computer Output Microfilm (COM)

II. Soft copy devices: Devices that provide output as visual display, audio, video etc. This soft copy can be accessed only with a computer but can be stored, or even modified and can be shared through e-mail.

4. Monitor

5. Projector

6 Headphone

7. Speaker

1. Printer is an output device, which provide output information on paper.

2. Plotter is a computer printer used for printing vector graphics.

-Used for drawing graphs, maps, computer aided design for buildings and computer aided manufacturing applications etc

3.Computer Output Microfilm (COM) is a system that converts stored data directly to microfilm or microfiche

Cost effective for storing large amount of data for longer periods

-Used in Medical X-rays, storing output in banking and insurance

4. Computer Monitor: most common output device to view the displayed output.

Monitors may be Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors or Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors. LCD monitors are popular now.

5. Projector: Output device used to project the displayed output onto a large screen

-Used in teaching, conference presentation, training etc

6 and 7. Audio output devices: Headphone and Speaker

Headphone  are a pair of small loudspeakers that are designed to be held in place close to user’s ears. They are also known as earphones.

Speaker: It serves as a voice output device usually used to hear music, speech etc

10 Examples of Bacterial Diseases

10 Examples of Bacterial Diseases

The bacteria are generally looked upon as enemies of man, for many of them are responsible for spoiling of our food and drink, and causing diseases like tuberculosis, tetanus, diphtheria and and cholera. They are of prime importance of mankind since they exert both deleterious and beneficial effects upon human life.

Example of Bacterial Diseases:

1. Tuberculosis- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. Chloera - Vibrio chloerae
3. Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis
4. Throat infection- Streptococcus
5. Food poison- Salmonella, Staphlo coccus
6.  Botulism- Clostridium botulinum
7. Pertussis-Bordetella pertussis
8. Plague- Yersinia pestis
9. Rat fever- Leptospira icterohamorrhagiae
10. Gonorrhea-Nisseria gonorrhoeae
11. Syphilis- Treponema pallidum
12. Leprosy-Mycobacterium leprae
13. Tatanus -Clostridium tetani
14. Diptheria- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
15. Typhoid-Salmonella typhi

Read more: Economic Importance of Bacteria

The bacteria are generally looked upon as enemies of man, for many of them are responsible for spoiling of our food and drink, and causing diseases like tuberculosis, tetanus, diphtheria and and cholera. They are of prime importance of mankind since they exert both deleterious and beneficial effects upon human life.

Example of Bacterial Diseases:

1. Tuberculosis- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. Chloera - Vibrio chloerae
3. Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis
4. Throat infection- Streptococcus
5. Food poison- Salmonella, Staphlo coccus
6.  Botulism- Clostridium botulinum
7. Pertussis-Bordetella pertussis
8. Plague- Yersinia pestis
9. Rat fever- Leptospira icterohamorrhagiae
10. Gonorrhea-Nisseria gonorrhoeae
11. Syphilis- Treponema pallidum
12. Leprosy-Mycobacterium leprae
13. Tatanus -Clostridium tetani
14. Diptheria- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
15. Typhoid-Salmonella typhi

Read more: Economic Importance of Bacteria

Example of Dioecious Plants

Example of Dioecious Plants

The term is commonly used to refer the reproductive behaviour of plants. Around 90% of the plant species are bisexual or called as `perfect' flowers; these hermaphrodites are both staminate (with stamens or male parts) and pistillate (with one or more carpels; female parts) on the same flower.

Rest 10% of plants have evolved unisexuality as spatial separation of flowers. They can be Monoecious and Dioecious. Monoecious ("Mono" =one - and the term "monoecious" is literally "one house"), plants have male flowers and female flowers in separate structures on the same plant. In dioecious plants (“two house”), male and female flowers are present on separate plant.

1. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)
2. Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)
3. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)
4.  Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
5. Wilow (Salix spp)
6. Yam (Dioscorea spp)
7. Hemp (Cannabis sativa)
8. Hop (Humulus lupulus)
9. Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
10. Mistletoe (Viscum album)
11. Papaya (Carica papaya)
12. Yam(Dioscorea sp)
13. Poplar (Populus species)

The term is commonly used to refer the reproductive behaviour of plants. Around 90% of the plant species are bisexual or called as `perfect' flowers; these hermaphrodites are both staminate (with stamens or male parts) and pistillate (with one or more carpels; female parts) on the same flower.

Rest 10% of plants have evolved unisexuality as spatial separation of flowers. They can be Monoecious and Dioecious. Monoecious ("Mono" =one - and the term "monoecious" is literally "one house"), plants have male flowers and female flowers in separate structures on the same plant. In dioecious plants (“two house”), male and female flowers are present on separate plant.

1. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)
2. Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)
3. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)
4.  Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
5. Wilow (Salix spp)
6. Yam (Dioscorea spp)
7. Hemp (Cannabis sativa)
8. Hop (Humulus lupulus)
9. Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
10. Mistletoe (Viscum album)
11. Papaya (Carica papaya)
12. Yam(Dioscorea sp)
13. Poplar (Populus species)

Example of Monoecious Plants

Example of Monoecious Plants

The term is commonly used to refer the reproductive behaviour of plants. Around 90% of the plant species are bisexual or called as `perfect' flowers; these hermaphrodites are both staminate (with stamens or male parts) and pistillate (with one or more carpels; female parts) on the same flower.

Rest 10% of plants have evolved unisexuality as spatial separation of flowers. They can be Monoecious and Dioecious. Monoecious ("Mono" =one - and the term "monoecious" is literally "one house"), plants have male flowers and female flowers in separate structures on the same plant. In dioecious plants (“two house”), male and female flowers are present on separate plant.

Example of Monoecious Plant

1. Castor bean (Ricinus  communis)
2. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
3. Fig (Ficus carica)
4. Hazelnut (Corylus spp)
5. Maize (Zea mays)
6. Melon (Cucumis melo)
7. Oilpalm (Elaeis guinensis)
8. Walnut (Juglans regia)

The term is commonly used to refer the reproductive behaviour of plants. Around 90% of the plant species are bisexual or called as `perfect' flowers; these hermaphrodites are both staminate (with stamens or male parts) and pistillate (with one or more carpels; female parts) on the same flower.

Rest 10% of plants have evolved unisexuality as spatial separation of flowers. They can be Monoecious and Dioecious. Monoecious ("Mono" =one - and the term "monoecious" is literally "one house"), plants have male flowers and female flowers in separate structures on the same plant. In dioecious plants (“two house”), male and female flowers are present on separate plant.

Example of Monoecious Plant

1. Castor bean (Ricinus  communis)
2. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
3. Fig (Ficus carica)
4. Hazelnut (Corylus spp)
5. Maize (Zea mays)
6. Melon (Cucumis melo)
7. Oilpalm (Elaeis guinensis)
8. Walnut (Juglans regia)

10 Examples of Viral diseases of Plants

10 Examples of Viral diseases of Plants

Numerous disease like mosaic, yellows, vein clearing, malformation etc. occurs in plants due to viruses. In plants transmission of viruses mainly takes place by soil, seeds, pollen grains, roots, agricultural tools, vegetative propagation, weeds and juice sucking insects etc. An agent which transmits virus is know as ‘vector’.

image credit

1. Tobacco mosaic disease
2. Tobacco necrosis
3. Peach yellow disease
4. Vein clearing disease
5. Swollen shoot of cocoa
6. Leaf roll of potato
7.  Leaf curl of papaya
8. Malformation in mango
9.  Spike disease of sandal wood
10. Bunchy top of banana

Common symptoms of viral diseases in plants

• Mosaics
• Leaf rolling and curling
• Necrosis
• Pitting
• Local lesions
• Local lesions
• Dwarfing and stunted growth.

Numerous disease like mosaic, yellows, vein clearing, malformation etc. occurs in plants due to viruses. In plants transmission of viruses mainly takes place by soil, seeds, pollen grains, roots, agricultural tools, vegetative propagation, weeds and juice sucking insects etc. An agent which transmits virus is know as ‘vector’.

image credit

1. Tobacco mosaic disease
2. Tobacco necrosis
3. Peach yellow disease
4. Vein clearing disease
5. Swollen shoot of cocoa
6. Leaf roll of potato
7.  Leaf curl of papaya
8. Malformation in mango
9.  Spike disease of sandal wood
10. Bunchy top of banana

Common symptoms of viral diseases in plants

• Mosaics
• Leaf rolling and curling
• Necrosis
• Pitting
• Local lesions
• Local lesions
• Dwarfing and stunted growth.

Example of Rabi crops, Kharif crops and Zaid Crops

Example of Rabi crops, Kharif crops and Zaid Crops

1. Rabi crop or Winter crop 

Rabi crops  refers to agricultural crops sown in winter and harvested in the summer season. The term is derived from the Arabic word for "spring", which is used in the Indian subcontinent. The Rabi crop is the spring harvest (also known as the "winter crop") in Indian subcontinent. The Rabi Season starts in the middle of October when the south-west monsoon retreats and the north-east Monsoon begins. Seeds are sown in October and crops are harvested in March and April. Generally, crops which require less water are grown during the rabi season. This season is called as cold weather period. January & February months are the cold months in the most parts of the country. Temperature distribution over India

2. Kharif crop or Summer Crop

Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains in July, during the south-west monsoon season. India the kharif season varies by crop and state, with Kharif starting at the earliest in May and ending at the latest in January, but is popularly considered to start in June and to end in October. Crops which require large quantities of water are cultivated during the Kharif season.

This season is also called as hot weather period / pre monsoon season. This period is characterized by high temperature. The temperature is higher in north compared south. March to May month is the summer season. The weather gets hotter steadily from the beginning of March. April & May are the hottest months of the year. The average temperature is 30-40 °C. The rainfall receives during this period are mainly useful for preparatory cultivation.

Difference between Rabi crops and Kharif crops

Example of Kharif crops,  Rabi crops and Zaid crops

3. Zaid crop: 

There are certain crops which are grown throughout the year in all parts of the country under artificial irrigation, they are called zaid crops.

1. Rabi crop or Winter crop 

Rabi crops  refers to agricultural crops sown in winter and harvested in the summer season. The term is derived from the Arabic word for "spring", which is used in the Indian subcontinent. The Rabi crop is the spring harvest (also known as the "winter crop") in Indian subcontinent. The Rabi Season starts in the middle of October when the south-west monsoon retreats and the north-east Monsoon begins. Seeds are sown in October and crops are harvested in March and April. Generally, crops which require less water are grown during the rabi season. This season is called as cold weather period. January & February months are the cold months in the most parts of the country. Temperature distribution over India

2. Kharif crop or Summer Crop

Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains in July, during the south-west monsoon season. India the kharif season varies by crop and state, with Kharif starting at the earliest in May and ending at the latest in January, but is popularly considered to start in June and to end in October. Crops which require large quantities of water are cultivated during the Kharif season.

This season is also called as hot weather period / pre monsoon season. This period is characterized by high temperature. The temperature is higher in north compared south. March to May month is the summer season. The weather gets hotter steadily from the beginning of March. April & May are the hottest months of the year. The average temperature is 30-40 °C. The rainfall receives during this period are mainly useful for preparatory cultivation.

Difference between Rabi crops and Kharif crops

Example of Kharif crops,  Rabi crops and Zaid crops

3. Zaid crop: 

There are certain crops which are grown throughout the year in all parts of the country under artificial irrigation, they are called zaid crops.

10 Examples of Bio fertilizers

10 Examples of Bio fertilizers

Definition of Bio fertilizer: a bio fertilizer is an organic product, which contains different types of micro organism in the concentrated form, they are able to fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, symbiotically or non symbiotically. 
Fertilizers of biological origin are called bio fertilizer. Bio fertilizers s a 100% natural and organic fertilizer that help to provide and keep in the soil all the nutrients and microorganisms required for the benefits of the plants. Most of the bio fertilizers add  nitrogen to the soil. 
Bio fertilizers are of three types: Nitrogen fixing bacteria, nitrogen fixing cyano bacteria (blue green algae) and mycorrhiza. 

Example of Bio fertilizer

1. Azolla is a floating fern which harbours a blue green algae in its leaf cavities. Azolla supplies nitrogen, increases physico chemical properties  of soil such as soil structure, texture, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity and pH by providing several nutrients and sufficient organic matter.

2. Azospirillum are nitrogen fixing bacteria that lives in a symbiotic relationship in the root cortex of several tropical crops.

3. Azotobacter are free living nitrogen fixing bacteria and are know  to produce several plant growth promoting substances.  Azotobacter and Azosprillium, besides supplying nitrogen to soil, secrete antibiotics which act as pesticides. 

4. Rhizobium bacteria, basically form root nodules in leguminous plants and fix atmospheric nitrogen in a symbiotic association. 

5. Sesbania: It is a green manure plant which  plant which forms both root and stem nodules in association with Rhozobium and thereby fixes more atmospheric nitrogen. 

6. Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes / Bacteria: They soluble the insoluble phosphorus. Bacteria like Pseudomonas striata and Bacillus megaterium are also  important phosphorus solubilising soil microorganisms. Many fungi like Aspergillus and Pencillium are potential solubilizers of bound phosphates.

7. Nitrogen Fixing bacteria:  Free living nitrogen fixing bacteria and symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria

8. Symbiotic nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria: Azolla - Anabaena association is of great importance to agriculture. 

9. Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteia form symbiotic association with several plants, e.g., Cycad roots, Liverworts, Lichens, Azolla (fern)

10.  VAM (Vasicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae) : The VAM act as a  symbiotic association between agriculture plant root and fungal mycelia. VAM increase the uptake of phosphorus and even uptake of phosphorus and even uptake of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe.

Quiz on Bio fertilizers and Pesticides

Definition of Bio fertilizer: a bio fertilizer is an organic product, which contains different types of micro organism in the concentrated form, they are able to fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, symbiotically or non symbiotically. 
Fertilizers of biological origin are called bio fertilizer. Bio fertilizers s a 100% natural and organic fertilizer that help to provide and keep in the soil all the nutrients and microorganisms required for the benefits of the plants. Most of the bio fertilizers add  nitrogen to the soil. 
Bio fertilizers are of three types: Nitrogen fixing bacteria, nitrogen fixing cyano bacteria (blue green algae) and mycorrhiza. 

Example of Bio fertilizer

1. Azolla is a floating fern which harbours a blue green algae in its leaf cavities. Azolla supplies nitrogen, increases physico chemical properties  of soil such as soil structure, texture, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity and pH by providing several nutrients and sufficient organic matter.

2. Azospirillum are nitrogen fixing bacteria that lives in a symbiotic relationship in the root cortex of several tropical crops.

3. Azotobacter are free living nitrogen fixing bacteria and are know  to produce several plant growth promoting substances.  Azotobacter and Azosprillium, besides supplying nitrogen to soil, secrete antibiotics which act as pesticides. 

4. Rhizobium bacteria, basically form root nodules in leguminous plants and fix atmospheric nitrogen in a symbiotic association. 

5. Sesbania: It is a green manure plant which  plant which forms both root and stem nodules in association with Rhozobium and thereby fixes more atmospheric nitrogen. 

6. Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes / Bacteria: They soluble the insoluble phosphorus. Bacteria like Pseudomonas striata and Bacillus megaterium are also  important phosphorus solubilising soil microorganisms. Many fungi like Aspergillus and Pencillium are potential solubilizers of bound phosphates.

7. Nitrogen Fixing bacteria:  Free living nitrogen fixing bacteria and symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria

8. Symbiotic nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria: Azolla - Anabaena association is of great importance to agriculture. 

9. Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteia form symbiotic association with several plants, e.g., Cycad roots, Liverworts, Lichens, Azolla (fern)

10.  VAM (Vasicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae) : The VAM act as a  symbiotic association between agriculture plant root and fungal mycelia. VAM increase the uptake of phosphorus and even uptake of phosphorus and even uptake of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe.

Quiz on Bio fertilizers and Pesticides

10 Examples of False fishes

10 Examples of False fishes

Example of False fishes

1. Jelly fish: Aurelia (Coelenterate)
2. Shell fish: Oyster and other molluscs
3. Shell fish: Lobster and other custaeans
4. Razor fish: Used both for a true fish Xyrichythyes species as well as as Solen, a bivalve.
5. Silver fish: Lepisma (an insect)
6. Whale fish: Whale(aquatic mammal)
7. Cuttle fish: Sepia (a mollusc)
8. Devil fish: Octopus(a mollusc)
9. Hag fish: Myxine (Cyclostomate)
10. Star fish: Asterias (Echinoderm)

Example of False fishes

1. Jelly fish: Aurelia (Coelenterate)
2. Shell fish: Oyster and other molluscs
3. Shell fish: Lobster and other custaeans
4. Razor fish: Used both for a true fish Xyrichythyes species as well as as Solen, a bivalve.
5. Silver fish: Lepisma (an insect)
6. Whale fish: Whale(aquatic mammal)
7. Cuttle fish: Sepia (a mollusc)
8. Devil fish: Octopus(a mollusc)
9. Hag fish: Myxine (Cyclostomate)
10. Star fish: Asterias (Echinoderm)

25 Examples of Question Tags

25 Examples of Question Tags

Taq questions are questions attached to the end of a statement in order to draw attention to it or give it added force.
25 Examples of Question Tags

1. Akhil is an intelligent boy, isn’t he?
2. Susha and Suja are working hard, aren’t they?
3. Few people came forward, did they?
4. Little money was collected, was it?
5. Barking dogs seldom bite, do they?
6. He could hardly stand erect, could he?
7. They rarely go to films, do they?
8. Stand up, will you?
9. Don’t make noise, will you?
10. Have another cup of coffee, won’t you?
11. Let’s sing a song, shall we?
12. Use your common sense, can’t you?
13. No body knows the answer, do they?
14. None of the students studied, did they?
15. Speak loudly, will you?
16. All the students were listening, weren’t  they?
17. He dare not go, dare he?
18. He dares to go, doesn’t he?
19. Let us go for a walk, shall we?
20. I can help you,  can’t I?
21. Little progress has been made, has it?
22. None of the workmen arrived in time, did they?
23. Please pass me the newspaper, will you?
24. Few people knew the answer, did they?
25. They will help us, won’t they?

Taq questions are questions attached to the end of a statement in order to draw attention to it or give it added force.
25 Examples of Question Tags

1. Akhil is an intelligent boy, isn’t he?
2. Susha and Suja are working hard, aren’t they?
3. Few people came forward, did they?
4. Little money was collected, was it?
5. Barking dogs seldom bite, do they?
6. He could hardly stand erect, could he?
7. They rarely go to films, do they?
8. Stand up, will you?
9. Don’t make noise, will you?
10. Have another cup of coffee, won’t you?
11. Let’s sing a song, shall we?
12. Use your common sense, can’t you?
13. No body knows the answer, do they?
14. None of the students studied, did they?
15. Speak loudly, will you?
16. All the students were listening, weren’t  they?
17. He dare not go, dare he?
18. He dares to go, doesn’t he?
19. Let us go for a walk, shall we?
20. I can help you,  can’t I?
21. Little progress has been made, has it?
22. None of the workmen arrived in time, did they?
23. Please pass me the newspaper, will you?
24. Few people knew the answer, did they?
25. They will help us, won’t they?

Example of Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Example of Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Based on the chemical composition of the substance, matter may be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures.

a) Elements: These are substances which cannot be reduced to simpler materials either by physical or chemical changes.  At present 118 different elements are known. About 92% of the elements can be extracted from natural sources but the rest are prepared from artificially by means of nuclear processes. Elements are represented by Symbols.

Example of elements: Copper (Cu), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), helium (He), Lithium (Li)

b) Compound: A compound is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined together. Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide is up of carbon and oxygen. Unlike elements , compounds can be decomposed, or broken down by simple chemical reactions. 

Example of Compounds: Water (H2O), Salt (NaCl), Ammonia (NH3), Methane(CH4), Benzene (C6H6). Sugar(CHO)n, Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Marble, Saltpetre

c)Mixture: When two or more substances are combined by physical methods in any proportion and no new substances is formed then it is called a mixture. 

Mixture is of two types: Homogeneous and heterogeneous.  Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout. Heterogeneous mixtures have different composition in different parts of the mixture.

Example of Mixtures: Sand, Air is mixture of gases, Sugar and water, Combination of sulphur, iron fillings. The constituents of a mixture can be separated by ordinary physical methods.

Based on the chemical composition of the substance, matter may be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures.

a) Elements: These are substances which cannot be reduced to simpler materials either by physical or chemical changes.  At present 118 different elements are known. About 92% of the elements can be extracted from natural sources but the rest are prepared from artificially by means of nuclear processes. Elements are represented by Symbols.

Example of elements: Copper (Cu), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), helium (He), Lithium (Li)

b) Compound: A compound is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined together. Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide is up of carbon and oxygen. Unlike elements , compounds can be decomposed, or broken down by simple chemical reactions. 

Example of Compounds: Water (H2O), Salt (NaCl), Ammonia (NH3), Methane(CH4), Benzene (C6H6). Sugar(CHO)n, Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Marble, Saltpetre

c)Mixture: When two or more substances are combined by physical methods in any proportion and no new substances is formed then it is called a mixture. 

Mixture is of two types: Homogeneous and heterogeneous.  Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout. Heterogeneous mixtures have different composition in different parts of the mixture.

Example of Mixtures: Sand, Air is mixture of gases, Sugar and water, Combination of sulphur, iron fillings. The constituents of a mixture can be separated by ordinary physical methods.

Example of Solids - Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids

Example of Solids - Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids

Any substances that consists of closely packed particles (atoms, molecules or ions) is called solids. The  solids having characteristic geometrical forms are known as the crystalline solids.  These solids posses a regular and repeated arrangement of particles. 

Solids are of two types: Crystalline and amorphous. The main feature of the crystalline solids is their long range order and solids posses short range of order is known as amorphous solids. Amorphous solids are known as glassy solids. (Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids)

Example of Crystalline solids: Rock salt, Calcite and quartz

Example of Amorphous solids: Glass and sugar candy

Any substances that consists of closely packed particles (atoms, molecules or ions) is called solids. The  solids having characteristic geometrical forms are known as the crystalline solids.  These solids posses a regular and repeated arrangement of particles. 

Solids are of two types: Crystalline and amorphous. The main feature of the crystalline solids is their long range order and solids posses short range of order is known as amorphous solids. Amorphous solids are known as glassy solids. (Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids)

Example of Crystalline solids: Rock salt, Calcite and quartz

Example of Amorphous solids: Glass and sugar candy