10 Examples of Viral diseases of Plants

10 Examples of Viral diseases of Plants

Numerous disease like mosaic, yellows, vein clearing, malformation etc. occurs in plants due to viruses. In plants transmission of viruses mainly takes place by soil, seeds, pollen grains, roots, agricultural tools, vegetative propagation, weeds and juice sucking insects etc. An agent which transmits virus is know as ‘vector’.

image credit

1. Tobacco mosaic disease
2. Tobacco necrosis
3. Peach yellow disease
4. Vein clearing disease
5. Swollen shoot of cocoa
6. Leaf roll of potato
7.  Leaf curl of papaya
8. Malformation in mango
9.  Spike disease of sandal wood
10. Bunchy top of banana

Common symptoms of viral diseases in plants

• Mosaics
• Leaf rolling and curling
• Necrosis
• Pitting
• Local lesions
• Local lesions
• Dwarfing and stunted growth.

Numerous disease like mosaic, yellows, vein clearing, malformation etc. occurs in plants due to viruses. In plants transmission of viruses mainly takes place by soil, seeds, pollen grains, roots, agricultural tools, vegetative propagation, weeds and juice sucking insects etc. An agent which transmits virus is know as ‘vector’.

image credit

1. Tobacco mosaic disease
2. Tobacco necrosis
3. Peach yellow disease
4. Vein clearing disease
5. Swollen shoot of cocoa
6. Leaf roll of potato
7.  Leaf curl of papaya
8. Malformation in mango
9.  Spike disease of sandal wood
10. Bunchy top of banana

Common symptoms of viral diseases in plants

• Mosaics
• Leaf rolling and curling
• Necrosis
• Pitting
• Local lesions
• Local lesions
• Dwarfing and stunted growth.

Example of Rabi crops, Kharif crops and Zaid Crops

Example of Rabi crops, Kharif crops and Zaid Crops

1. Rabi crop or Winter crop 

Rabi crops  refers to agricultural crops sown in winter and harvested in the summer season. The term is derived from the Arabic word for "spring", which is used in the Indian subcontinent. The Rabi crop is the spring harvest (also known as the "winter crop") in Indian subcontinent. The Rabi Season starts in the middle of October when the south-west monsoon retreats and the north-east Monsoon begins. Seeds are sown in October and crops are harvested in March and April. Generally, crops which require less water are grown during the rabi season. This season is called as cold weather period. January & February months are the cold months in the most parts of the country. Temperature distribution over India

2. Kharif crop or Summer Crop

Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains in July, during the south-west monsoon season. India the kharif season varies by crop and state, with Kharif starting at the earliest in May and ending at the latest in January, but is popularly considered to start in June and to end in October. Crops which require large quantities of water are cultivated during the Kharif season.

This season is also called as hot weather period / pre monsoon season. This period is characterized by high temperature. The temperature is higher in north compared south. March to May month is the summer season. The weather gets hotter steadily from the beginning of March. April & May are the hottest months of the year. The average temperature is 30-40 °C. The rainfall receives during this period are mainly useful for preparatory cultivation.

Difference between Rabi crops and Kharif crops

Example of Kharif crops,  Rabi crops and Zaid crops

3. Zaid crop: 

There are certain crops which are grown throughout the year in all parts of the country under artificial irrigation, they are called zaid crops.

1. Rabi crop or Winter crop 

Rabi crops  refers to agricultural crops sown in winter and harvested in the summer season. The term is derived from the Arabic word for "spring", which is used in the Indian subcontinent. The Rabi crop is the spring harvest (also known as the "winter crop") in Indian subcontinent. The Rabi Season starts in the middle of October when the south-west monsoon retreats and the north-east Monsoon begins. Seeds are sown in October and crops are harvested in March and April. Generally, crops which require less water are grown during the rabi season. This season is called as cold weather period. January & February months are the cold months in the most parts of the country. Temperature distribution over India

2. Kharif crop or Summer Crop

Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains in July, during the south-west monsoon season. India the kharif season varies by crop and state, with Kharif starting at the earliest in May and ending at the latest in January, but is popularly considered to start in June and to end in October. Crops which require large quantities of water are cultivated during the Kharif season.

This season is also called as hot weather period / pre monsoon season. This period is characterized by high temperature. The temperature is higher in north compared south. March to May month is the summer season. The weather gets hotter steadily from the beginning of March. April & May are the hottest months of the year. The average temperature is 30-40 °C. The rainfall receives during this period are mainly useful for preparatory cultivation.

Difference between Rabi crops and Kharif crops

Example of Kharif crops,  Rabi crops and Zaid crops

3. Zaid crop: 

There are certain crops which are grown throughout the year in all parts of the country under artificial irrigation, they are called zaid crops.

10 Examples of Bio fertilizers

10 Examples of Bio fertilizers

Definition of Bio fertilizer: a bio fertilizer is an organic product, which contains different types of micro organism in the concentrated form, they are able to fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, symbiotically or non symbiotically. 
Fertilizers of biological origin are called bio fertilizer. Bio fertilizers s a 100% natural and organic fertilizer that help to provide and keep in the soil all the nutrients and microorganisms required for the benefits of the plants. Most of the bio fertilizers add  nitrogen to the soil. 
Bio fertilizers are of three types: Nitrogen fixing bacteria, nitrogen fixing cyano bacteria (blue green algae) and mycorrhiza. 

Example of Bio fertilizer

1. Azolla is a floating fern which harbours a blue green algae in its leaf cavities. Azolla supplies nitrogen, increases physico chemical properties  of soil such as soil structure, texture, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity and pH by providing several nutrients and sufficient organic matter.

2. Azospirillum are nitrogen fixing bacteria that lives in a symbiotic relationship in the root cortex of several tropical crops.

3. Azotobacter are free living nitrogen fixing bacteria and are know  to produce several plant growth promoting substances.  Azotobacter and Azosprillium, besides supplying nitrogen to soil, secrete antibiotics which act as pesticides. 

4. Rhizobium bacteria, basically form root nodules in leguminous plants and fix atmospheric nitrogen in a symbiotic association. 

5. Sesbania: It is a green manure plant which  plant which forms both root and stem nodules in association with Rhozobium and thereby fixes more atmospheric nitrogen. 

6. Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes / Bacteria: They soluble the insoluble phosphorus. Bacteria like Pseudomonas striata and Bacillus megaterium are also  important phosphorus solubilising soil microorganisms. Many fungi like Aspergillus and Pencillium are potential solubilizers of bound phosphates.

7. Nitrogen Fixing bacteria:  Free living nitrogen fixing bacteria and symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria

8. Symbiotic nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria: Azolla - Anabaena association is of great importance to agriculture. 

9. Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteia form symbiotic association with several plants, e.g., Cycad roots, Liverworts, Lichens, Azolla (fern)

10.  VAM (Vasicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae) : The VAM act as a  symbiotic association between agriculture plant root and fungal mycelia. VAM increase the uptake of phosphorus and even uptake of phosphorus and even uptake of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe.

Quiz on Bio fertilizers and Pesticides

Definition of Bio fertilizer: a bio fertilizer is an organic product, which contains different types of micro organism in the concentrated form, they are able to fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, symbiotically or non symbiotically. 
Fertilizers of biological origin are called bio fertilizer. Bio fertilizers s a 100% natural and organic fertilizer that help to provide and keep in the soil all the nutrients and microorganisms required for the benefits of the plants. Most of the bio fertilizers add  nitrogen to the soil. 
Bio fertilizers are of three types: Nitrogen fixing bacteria, nitrogen fixing cyano bacteria (blue green algae) and mycorrhiza. 

Example of Bio fertilizer

1. Azolla is a floating fern which harbours a blue green algae in its leaf cavities. Azolla supplies nitrogen, increases physico chemical properties  of soil such as soil structure, texture, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity and pH by providing several nutrients and sufficient organic matter.

2. Azospirillum are nitrogen fixing bacteria that lives in a symbiotic relationship in the root cortex of several tropical crops.

3. Azotobacter are free living nitrogen fixing bacteria and are know  to produce several plant growth promoting substances.  Azotobacter and Azosprillium, besides supplying nitrogen to soil, secrete antibiotics which act as pesticides. 

4. Rhizobium bacteria, basically form root nodules in leguminous plants and fix atmospheric nitrogen in a symbiotic association. 

5. Sesbania: It is a green manure plant which  plant which forms both root and stem nodules in association with Rhozobium and thereby fixes more atmospheric nitrogen. 

6. Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes / Bacteria: They soluble the insoluble phosphorus. Bacteria like Pseudomonas striata and Bacillus megaterium are also  important phosphorus solubilising soil microorganisms. Many fungi like Aspergillus and Pencillium are potential solubilizers of bound phosphates.

7. Nitrogen Fixing bacteria:  Free living nitrogen fixing bacteria and symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria

8. Symbiotic nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria: Azolla - Anabaena association is of great importance to agriculture. 

9. Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteia form symbiotic association with several plants, e.g., Cycad roots, Liverworts, Lichens, Azolla (fern)

10.  VAM (Vasicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae) : The VAM act as a  symbiotic association between agriculture plant root and fungal mycelia. VAM increase the uptake of phosphorus and even uptake of phosphorus and even uptake of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe.

Quiz on Bio fertilizers and Pesticides

10 Examples of False fishes

10 Examples of False fishes

Example of False fishes

1. Jelly fish: Aurelia (Coelenterate)
2. Shell fish: Oyster and other molluscs
3. Shell fish: Lobster and other custaeans
4. Razor fish: Used both for a true fish Xyrichythyes species as well as as Solen, a bivalve.
5. Silver fish: Lepisma (an insect)
6. Whale fish: Whale(aquatic mammal)
7. Cuttle fish: Sepia (a mollusc)
8. Devil fish: Octopus(a mollusc)
9. Hag fish: Myxine (Cyclostomate)
10. Star fish: Asterias (Echinoderm)

Example of False fishes

1. Jelly fish: Aurelia (Coelenterate)
2. Shell fish: Oyster and other molluscs
3. Shell fish: Lobster and other custaeans
4. Razor fish: Used both for a true fish Xyrichythyes species as well as as Solen, a bivalve.
5. Silver fish: Lepisma (an insect)
6. Whale fish: Whale(aquatic mammal)
7. Cuttle fish: Sepia (a mollusc)
8. Devil fish: Octopus(a mollusc)
9. Hag fish: Myxine (Cyclostomate)
10. Star fish: Asterias (Echinoderm)

25 Examples of Question Tags

25 Examples of Question Tags

Taq questions are questions attached to the end of a statement in order to draw attention to it or give it added force.
25 Examples of Question Tags

1. Akhil is an intelligent boy, isn’t he?
2. Susha and Suja are working hard, aren’t they?
3. Few people came forward, did they?
4. Little money was collected, was it?
5. Barking dogs seldom bite, do they?
6. He could hardly stand erect, could he?
7. They rarely go to films, do they?
8. Stand up, will you?
9. Don’t make noise, will you?
10. Have another cup of coffee, won’t you?
11. Let’s sing a song, shall we?
12. Use your common sense, can’t you?
13. No body knows the answer, do they?
14. None of the students studied, did they?
15. Speak loudly, will you?
16. All the students were listening, weren’t  they?
17. He dare not go, dare he?
18. He dares to go, doesn’t he?
19. Let us go for a walk, shall we?
20. I can help you,  can’t I?
21. Little progress has been made, has it?
22. None of the workmen arrived in time, did they?
23. Please pass me the newspaper, will you?
24. Few people knew the answer, did they?
25. They will help us, won’t they?

Taq questions are questions attached to the end of a statement in order to draw attention to it or give it added force.
25 Examples of Question Tags

1. Akhil is an intelligent boy, isn’t he?
2. Susha and Suja are working hard, aren’t they?
3. Few people came forward, did they?
4. Little money was collected, was it?
5. Barking dogs seldom bite, do they?
6. He could hardly stand erect, could he?
7. They rarely go to films, do they?
8. Stand up, will you?
9. Don’t make noise, will you?
10. Have another cup of coffee, won’t you?
11. Let’s sing a song, shall we?
12. Use your common sense, can’t you?
13. No body knows the answer, do they?
14. None of the students studied, did they?
15. Speak loudly, will you?
16. All the students were listening, weren’t  they?
17. He dare not go, dare he?
18. He dares to go, doesn’t he?
19. Let us go for a walk, shall we?
20. I can help you,  can’t I?
21. Little progress has been made, has it?
22. None of the workmen arrived in time, did they?
23. Please pass me the newspaper, will you?
24. Few people knew the answer, did they?
25. They will help us, won’t they?

Example of Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Example of Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Based on the chemical composition of the substance, matter may be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures.

a) Elements: These are substances which cannot be reduced to simpler materials either by physical or chemical changes.  At present 118 different elements are known. About 92% of the elements can be extracted from natural sources but the rest are prepared from artificially by means of nuclear processes. Elements are represented by Symbols.

Example of elements: Copper (Cu), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), helium (He), Lithium (Li)

b) Compound: A compound is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined together. Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide is up of carbon and oxygen. Unlike elements , compounds can be decomposed, or broken down by simple chemical reactions. 

Example of Compounds: Water (H2O), Salt (NaCl), Ammonia (NH3), Methane(CH4), Benzene (C6H6). Sugar(CHO)n, Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Marble, Saltpetre

c)Mixture: When two or more substances are combined by physical methods in any proportion and no new substances is formed then it is called a mixture. 

Mixture is of two types: Homogeneous and heterogeneous.  Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout. Heterogeneous mixtures have different composition in different parts of the mixture.

Example of Mixtures: Sand, Air is mixture of gases, Sugar and water, Combination of sulphur, iron fillings. The constituents of a mixture can be separated by ordinary physical methods.

Based on the chemical composition of the substance, matter may be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures.

a) Elements: These are substances which cannot be reduced to simpler materials either by physical or chemical changes.  At present 118 different elements are known. About 92% of the elements can be extracted from natural sources but the rest are prepared from artificially by means of nuclear processes. Elements are represented by Symbols.

Example of elements: Copper (Cu), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), helium (He), Lithium (Li)

b) Compound: A compound is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined together. Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide is up of carbon and oxygen. Unlike elements , compounds can be decomposed, or broken down by simple chemical reactions. 

Example of Compounds: Water (H2O), Salt (NaCl), Ammonia (NH3), Methane(CH4), Benzene (C6H6). Sugar(CHO)n, Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Marble, Saltpetre

c)Mixture: When two or more substances are combined by physical methods in any proportion and no new substances is formed then it is called a mixture. 

Mixture is of two types: Homogeneous and heterogeneous.  Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout. Heterogeneous mixtures have different composition in different parts of the mixture.

Example of Mixtures: Sand, Air is mixture of gases, Sugar and water, Combination of sulphur, iron fillings. The constituents of a mixture can be separated by ordinary physical methods.

Example of Solids - Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids

Example of Solids - Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids

Any substances that consists of closely packed particles (atoms, molecules or ions) is called solids. The  solids having characteristic geometrical forms are known as the crystalline solids.  These solids posses a regular and repeated arrangement of particles. 

Solids are of two types: Crystalline and amorphous. The main feature of the crystalline solids is their long range order and solids posses short range of order is known as amorphous solids. Amorphous solids are known as glassy solids. (Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids)

Example of Crystalline solids: Rock salt, Calcite and quartz

Example of Amorphous solids: Glass and sugar candy

Any substances that consists of closely packed particles (atoms, molecules or ions) is called solids. The  solids having characteristic geometrical forms are known as the crystalline solids.  These solids posses a regular and repeated arrangement of particles. 

Solids are of two types: Crystalline and amorphous. The main feature of the crystalline solids is their long range order and solids posses short range of order is known as amorphous solids. Amorphous solids are known as glassy solids. (Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids)

Example of Crystalline solids: Rock salt, Calcite and quartz

Example of Amorphous solids: Glass and sugar candy

25 Examples of Proverbs

25 Examples of Proverbs

Proverb represent the general wisdom  of mankind. They are handed down from generation to generation. They deal with basic truths which every body can understand.

Examples of Proverbs

1. Union is strength.
2. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
3. A stitch in time saves nine.
4. Honesty is the best policy.
5. Where there is a will. There is a way.
6. Necessity is the other of invention.
7. Money is the root of all evil.
8. The tree is known by its fruit.
9. East or west, home is the best.
10. Slow and steady wins the race.
11. Water water every where not a drops to drink
12. Pen is mightier than sword.
    
13. Rome was not built in a day.
14. Duty is beauty. The dutiful are beautiful.
15. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
16. Think before you leap.
17. Prevention is better than cure.
18. Knowledge is power.
19. Man proposes, God disposes.
20. Health is wealth.
21. In the country of the blind the one eyed man is the king.
22. Giving is better than borrowing.
23. As you saw, so you reap
24. Rain does not stay in the sky25. Patience is a virtue for the weak and the strong.

Proverb represent the general wisdom  of mankind. They are handed down from generation to generation. They deal with basic truths which every body can understand.

Examples of Proverbs

1. Union is strength.
2. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
3. A stitch in time saves nine.
4. Honesty is the best policy.
5. Where there is a will. There is a way.
6. Necessity is the other of invention.
7. Money is the root of all evil.
8. The tree is known by its fruit.
9. East or west, home is the best.
10. Slow and steady wins the race.
11. Water water every where not a drops to drink
12. Pen is mightier than sword.
    
13. Rome was not built in a day.
14. Duty is beauty. The dutiful are beautiful.
15. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
16. Think before you leap.
17. Prevention is better than cure.
18. Knowledge is power.
19. Man proposes, God disposes.
20. Health is wealth.
21. In the country of the blind the one eyed man is the king.
22. Giving is better than borrowing.
23. As you saw, so you reap
24. Rain does not stay in the sky25. Patience is a virtue for the weak and the strong.

10 Examples of Direct and Indirect speech - Easy English Lessons

10 Examples of Direct and Indirect speech - Easy English Lessons

i) John said, ‘I want to become a lawyer.’(Direct Speech)

John said that he wanted to become a lawyer. (Indirect speech)

ii) The girl said, ‘I like sweets.’ (Direct Speech)

The girl said that she liked sweets. (Indirect speech)

iii) She said, ‘ I am buying a new car.’ (Direct Speech)

She said that she was buying a new car. . (Indirect speech)

iv) He said, ‘I have read this story.’ (Direct Speech)

He said that he had read that story. (Indirect speech)

v) She said, ‘I bought a house in London’. (Direct Speech)

She said she had bought a house in London. (Indirect speech)

vi) He Said, ‘Aamir Khan was swimming in the pool’. (Direct Speech)

He said that Aamir Khan had been swimming in the pool. (Indirect speech)

vii) Teacher said to the girls, ‘If you do your best you will surely pass.' (Direct Speech)

The teacher told the girls that if they did their best they would surely pass. (Indirect speech)

viii)She said to me, ‘You alone can save her.’ (Direct Speech)

She told me that I alone could save her. (Indirect speech)

ix) Jerry said, ‘Mother, I am hungry.’ (Direct Speech)

Jerry told his mother that he was hungry. (Indirect speech)

x) He said, ‘There was a big fire here last night.’ (Direct Speech)

He said that there had been a big fire there the previous night. (Indirect speech)

i) John said, ‘I want to become a lawyer.’(Direct Speech)

John said that he wanted to become a lawyer. (Indirect speech)

ii) The girl said, ‘I like sweets.’ (Direct Speech)

The girl said that she liked sweets. (Indirect speech)

iii) She said, ‘ I am buying a new car.’ (Direct Speech)

She said that she was buying a new car. . (Indirect speech)

iv) He said, ‘I have read this story.’ (Direct Speech)

He said that he had read that story. (Indirect speech)

v) She said, ‘I bought a house in London’. (Direct Speech)

She said she had bought a house in London. (Indirect speech)

vi) He Said, ‘Aamir Khan was swimming in the pool’. (Direct Speech)

He said that Aamir Khan had been swimming in the pool. (Indirect speech)

vii) Teacher said to the girls, ‘If you do your best you will surely pass.' (Direct Speech)

The teacher told the girls that if they did their best they would surely pass. (Indirect speech)

viii)She said to me, ‘You alone can save her.’ (Direct Speech)

She told me that I alone could save her. (Indirect speech)

ix) Jerry said, ‘Mother, I am hungry.’ (Direct Speech)

Jerry told his mother that he was hungry. (Indirect speech)

x) He said, ‘There was a big fire here last night.’ (Direct Speech)

He said that there had been a big fire there the previous night. (Indirect speech)

10 Examples of Input Devices of Computer

10 Examples of Input Devices of Computer

An input device can be defined  as an electromechanical devices that allows the user to feed information  or data into the computer for analysis, storage and give command to the computer.  Input devices accept data and instructions from the user.  Generally input devices are manual or direct data entry devices.

10 Examples of Input devices:

1. Keyboard

2. Mouse

3. Light Pen

4. Optical/magnetic Scanner

5. Touch Screen

6. Microphone for voice as input

7. Track Ball

8. Joystick

9. Camera

10. Web cam (PC video camera)

1. Keyboard: A keyboard is the most common input device. Generally standard keyboard has 104 keys.

2. Mouse: A mouse is an electro mechanical, hand held device . It is used as a pointer. It can perform functions like selecting menu commands, moving icons, resizing windows, starting programs, and choosing options.

3. Light pen:  An input device that utilizes a light-sensitive detector to select objects on a display screen.

4. Optical scanner: These devices are used for automatic data collection. The devices of this category completely eliminate manual input of data.

5. Touch screen: Touch panel displays and pads are now being offered as alternatives to keyboard.

6. Microphone is an input device, which takes voice as input. The voice communication is more error-prone than information through keyboard.

There are two types of microphones available: Desktop Microphone and Hand held Microphone.

7. Trackball a pointing device, is a mouse lying on its back. To move the pointer, you rotate the ball with your thumb, your fingers, or the palm of your hand. The advantage of trackballs over mouse is that the trackball is stationary so it does not require much space to use it. In addition, you can place a trackball on any type of surface, including your lap.

An input device can be defined  as an electromechanical devices that allows the user to feed information  or data into the computer for analysis, storage and give command to the computer.  Input devices accept data and instructions from the user.  Generally input devices are manual or direct data entry devices.

10 Examples of Input devices:

1. Keyboard

2. Mouse

3. Light Pen

4. Optical/magnetic Scanner

5. Touch Screen

6. Microphone for voice as input

7. Track Ball

8. Joystick

9. Camera

10. Web cam (PC video camera)

1. Keyboard: A keyboard is the most common input device. Generally standard keyboard has 104 keys.

2. Mouse: A mouse is an electro mechanical, hand held device . It is used as a pointer. It can perform functions like selecting menu commands, moving icons, resizing windows, starting programs, and choosing options.

3. Light pen:  An input device that utilizes a light-sensitive detector to select objects on a display screen.

4. Optical scanner: These devices are used for automatic data collection. The devices of this category completely eliminate manual input of data.

5. Touch screen: Touch panel displays and pads are now being offered as alternatives to keyboard.

6. Microphone is an input device, which takes voice as input. The voice communication is more error-prone than information through keyboard.

There are two types of microphones available: Desktop Microphone and Hand held Microphone.

7. Trackball a pointing device, is a mouse lying on its back. To move the pointer, you rotate the ball with your thumb, your fingers, or the palm of your hand. The advantage of trackballs over mouse is that the trackball is stationary so it does not require much space to use it. In addition, you can place a trackball on any type of surface, including your lap.

20 Examples of Protozoa (Protista)

20 Examples of Protozoa (Protista)

Kingdom protista (Gr. Protistas - first of all)  includes unicellular and colonial eukaryotic, auotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. They are broadly divided into three groups: photosynthetic protists (protistan algae), slime moulds  (myxomycetes) and protozoans protists.

General Characters of Kingdom Protista and Classification

Example of Protozoa (Protista)

1. Example of Photosynthetic Protists: Photosythetic protists are photoautotrophic like diatoms, dinoflagellates and euglenoids.

• Dinoflagellates: Ceratium, Glendinium, Gymnodinium and Gonyaulax.
• Diatoms:  Navicula,  Nitzchia,  Melosira, Cymbella and Pinnularia.
• Euglenoids: Euglena, Phacus, Peranema and Eutreptia.

2. Example of Slime moulds: Slime moulds exists in two types: cellular and acellular. 
   Physarum and Physarella.

3. Example of Protozoan Protists

Amoeba, Entamoeba, Giardia, Plasmodium, Paramecium,  Leishmania   and Trypanosoma.

Kingdom protista (Gr. Protistas - first of all)  includes unicellular and colonial eukaryotic, auotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. They are broadly divided into three groups: photosynthetic protists (protistan algae), slime moulds  (myxomycetes) and protozoans protists.

General Characters of Kingdom Protista and Classification

Example of Protozoa (Protista)

1. Example of Photosynthetic Protists: Photosythetic protists are photoautotrophic like diatoms, dinoflagellates and euglenoids.

• Dinoflagellates: Ceratium, Glendinium, Gymnodinium and Gonyaulax.
• Diatoms:  Navicula,  Nitzchia,  Melosira, Cymbella and Pinnularia.
• Euglenoids: Euglena, Phacus, Peranema and Eutreptia.

2. Example of Slime moulds: Slime moulds exists in two types: cellular and acellular. 
   Physarum and Physarella.

3. Example of Protozoan Protists

Amoeba, Entamoeba, Giardia, Plasmodium, Paramecium,  Leishmania   and Trypanosoma.

20 Examples of Fungi - Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes

20 Examples of Fungi - Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes

Fungi are achlorophyllous, spore bearing, non vascular organisms, which reproduce both sexually and asexually and whose generally filamentous and much branched plant body(mycelium) is surrounded by chitin or fungal cellulose cell wall.

The term fungus has been derived from the Latin word which means mushroom. They are eukaryotic organisms which feed on dead and decaying organic matter. The branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi is called mycology.

Classification of Fungi with Example

• Example of Phycomycetes (Lower Fungi or Algal like fungi): Rhizopus,  Saprolegnia, Albugo, Pythium, Mucor.
• Example of Ascomycetes (Sac fungi) : Yeast, Pencillium, Claviceps, Pleospora, Peziza
• Example of Basidiomycetes (Club fungi): Mushroom, toadstools, puffballs, stink horns, shelf fungi, racket fungi, rusts and smuts.
• Example of Deuteromycetes (Fungi imperfecti): Alternaria, Fusarium, Collectrotrichum.

Fungi are achlorophyllous, spore bearing, non vascular organisms, which reproduce both sexually and asexually and whose generally filamentous and much branched plant body(mycelium) is surrounded by chitin or fungal cellulose cell wall.

The term fungus has been derived from the Latin word which means mushroom. They are eukaryotic organisms which feed on dead and decaying organic matter. The branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi is called mycology.

Classification of Fungi with Example

• Example of Phycomycetes (Lower Fungi or Algal like fungi): Rhizopus,  Saprolegnia, Albugo, Pythium, Mucor.
• Example of Ascomycetes (Sac fungi) : Yeast, Pencillium, Claviceps, Pleospora, Peziza
• Example of Basidiomycetes (Club fungi): Mushroom, toadstools, puffballs, stink horns, shelf fungi, racket fungi, rusts and smuts.
• Example of Deuteromycetes (Fungi imperfecti): Alternaria, Fusarium, Collectrotrichum.

15 Examples of Malvaceae Plants

15 Examples of Malvaceae Plants

A family of about 85 genera and 1000 to 1500 species. The plants are abundantly seen in the tropics and a few are natives of the temperate regions of the old world. Very few of them inhabit cold regions. The family is recognised by Hibiscus rosa sinesis (China rose)

Important Characters of Malvaceae

Example of Malvaceae Plants:

1. Adansonia digitata
2. Abutilon indicum
3.  Abelmoschus esculentus
4. Althrea rosea
5. Bombax malabaricum
6. Ceiba pentandra
7. Gossypium (Cotton plant)
8. Hibiscus
9. Kydia calycina
10. Malachra capitata
11. Malvaviscus arborea
12. Pavonia
13. Sida
14. Thespesia popuinea
15. Urena lobata

A family of about 85 genera and 1000 to 1500 species. The plants are abundantly seen in the tropics and a few are natives of the temperate regions of the old world. Very few of them inhabit cold regions. The family is recognised by Hibiscus rosa sinesis (China rose)

Important Characters of Malvaceae

Example of Malvaceae Plants:

1. Adansonia digitata
2. Abutilon indicum
3.  Abelmoschus esculentus
4. Althrea rosea
5. Bombax malabaricum
6. Ceiba pentandra
7. Gossypium (Cotton plant)
8. Hibiscus
9. Kydia calycina
10. Malachra capitata
11. Malvaviscus arborea
12. Pavonia
13. Sida
14. Thespesia popuinea
15. Urena lobata

Example of Polymers and Monomers

Example of Polymers and Monomers

A polymer is a substance of high molecular mass formed by the combination of very large number of repeating units. These repeating units are called monomers. The reaction by which a monomer is converted to a polymer is called polymerization. Polymers are of two kinds: Natural and synthetic.

Examples of Natural polymers:

• Starch, cellulose: monomer is glucose
• Protein: monomer is amino acids
• Natural rubber: monomer is isoprene

Examples of Synthetic polymers:

• Polyethylene: monomer is ethylene
• Poly vinylchloride (PVC): Monomer is vinyl chloride

A polymer is a substance of high molecular mass formed by the combination of very large number of repeating units. These repeating units are called monomers. The reaction by which a monomer is converted to a polymer is called polymerization. Polymers are of two kinds: Natural and synthetic.

Examples of Natural polymers:

• Starch, cellulose: monomer is glucose
• Protein: monomer is amino acids
• Natural rubber: monomer is isoprene

Examples of Synthetic polymers:

• Polyethylene: monomer is ethylene
• Poly vinylchloride (PVC): Monomer is vinyl chloride

10 Examples of Common Deficiency Symptoms in Plants

10 Examples of Common Deficiency Symptoms in Plants

Common Deficiency symptoms in Plants

1. Abscission: Premature fall of flowers and fruits, leaf fall, leaf curl.

2. Chlorosis: Non development of chlorophyll. This symptom is caused by the deficiency of elements like Nitrogen, Potassium(K), Magnesium (Mg), Sulphur (S),  iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn) and Molybdenum (Mo).

3. Die back: Killing of root apex.

4. Dwarfing is under development of a plant or plant organs due to inadequate nutrition.

5. Internal or Heart rot: Softening or rotting of internal tissues, external cracks.

6. Little leaf disease: Leaves are quite small in size.

7. Mottling: Patches of green and non green areas.

8. Necrosis: Death of tissues, stunted growth. It is due to the deficiency of CA, Mg, Cu, K, Lack or low level of N, K, S, mo causes an inhibition of cell division.

9. White bud: Chlorosis affecting young leaves as well as buds so that the latter are whitish instead of greenish colour.

10. Wilting: Loss of turgor, internal cork.

Images courtsy: http://www.hawaiiplantdisease.net/glossary/index.htm

Common Deficiency symptoms in Plants

1. Abscission: Premature fall of flowers and fruits, leaf fall, leaf curl.

2. Chlorosis: Non development of chlorophyll. This symptom is caused by the deficiency of elements like Nitrogen, Potassium(K), Magnesium (Mg), Sulphur (S),  iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn) and Molybdenum (Mo).

3. Die back: Killing of root apex.

4. Dwarfing is under development of a plant or plant organs due to inadequate nutrition.

5. Internal or Heart rot: Softening or rotting of internal tissues, external cracks.

6. Little leaf disease: Leaves are quite small in size.

7. Mottling: Patches of green and non green areas.

8. Necrosis: Death of tissues, stunted growth. It is due to the deficiency of CA, Mg, Cu, K, Lack or low level of N, K, S, mo causes an inhibition of cell division.

9. White bud: Chlorosis affecting young leaves as well as buds so that the latter are whitish instead of greenish colour.

10. Wilting: Loss of turgor, internal cork.

Images courtsy: http://www.hawaiiplantdisease.net/glossary/index.htm